Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Nepal: Burden, Risk Factors and Healthcare Implications

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an escalating public health crisis in Nepal, with prevalence increasing rapidly alongside urbanization and lifestyle changes. This review examines the epidemiology, risk factors, complications, and healthcare system implications of T2DM in Nepal. Methods: A systematic review of published literature from 2000-2018 on diabetes in Nepal was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Nepal Journals Online databases. Results: Prevalence of T2DM in Nepal ranges from 8.4% in urban areas to 4.9% in rural settings. Major risk factors include sedentary lifestyle (OR 2.3), obesity (OR 3.1), family history (OR 2.8), and age >40 years. Complications including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy are prevalent but underdiagnosed. Conclusions: A comprehensive national diabetes prevention and management policy with emphasis on primary care integration is urgently needed.